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文档,https://docs.docker.com/storage/volumes/

1. Docker的数据管理

1.1 概述

Docker的数据管理是指在Docker容器中对数据进行存储、共享、备份和持久化的方法和技术。它允许用户在保持容器轻量级的同时,确保容器产生的数据能够安全、高效地存储和管理。

1.2 主要的技术(三种数据挂载方式)

1.2.1 数据卷(Volumes)

  • 数据卷是Docker管理的、独立于容器的存储区域,提供了数据持久化和容器间共享的能力。
  • 数据卷存储在Docker主机上的特定目录,默认是 /var/lib/docker/volumes/(Linux系统),并且可以在容器间共享而不依赖于任何单一容器的生命周期。
  • 即使容器被删除,数据依然存在。

1.2.2 绑定挂载(Bind mounts)

  • 绑定挂载是将宿主机上的文件系统路径直接挂载到容器内的过程。
  • 这种方式允许直接利用宿主机的文件系统资源,但可能带来数据管理上的复杂性和安全性考量。
  • 绑定挂载的存储位置和数据格式完全由宿主机控制,不受到Docker的直接管理。

1.2.3 tmpfs挂载(Tmpfs mounts)

  • Tmpfs挂载是将数据存储在宿主机的内存中而不是磁盘上,适用于临时文件或对速度有高要求的场景。
  • 这种类型的存储不会持久化,容器停止或宿主机重启后数据将会丢失。
  • 适合存储敏感信息或缓存数据,因其不会写入磁盘,可以增加安全性。

1.2.4 之间的关系(数据在Docker主机上的存储位置)

img

1.3 数据卷示例

1、创建一个命名的数据卷

bash
[root@localhost ~]# docker volume create web_data
web_data
[root@localhost ~]# docker volume create web_data
web_data

2、修改数据卷内文件内容

bash
[root@localhost ~]# docker volume inspect web_data
[
    {
        "CreatedAt": "2024-05-29T19:04:36+08:00",
        "Driver": "local",
        "Labels": null,
        "Mountpoint": "/var/lib/docker/volumes/web_data/_data",
        "Name": "web_data",
        "Options": null,
        "Scope": "local"
    }
]
#这里的/var/lib/docker/volumes/web_data/_data就是数据卷在宿主机上的路径。

[root@localhost ~]# echo "nginx test" > /var/lib/docker/volumes/web_data/_data/index.html
#直接在宿主机上通过找到的路径修改数据卷内的文件。
[root@localhost ~]# docker volume inspect web_data
[
    {
        "CreatedAt": "2024-05-29T19:04:36+08:00",
        "Driver": "local",
        "Labels": null,
        "Mountpoint": "/var/lib/docker/volumes/web_data/_data",
        "Name": "web_data",
        "Options": null,
        "Scope": "local"
    }
]
#这里的/var/lib/docker/volumes/web_data/_data就是数据卷在宿主机上的路径。

[root@localhost ~]# echo "nginx test" > /var/lib/docker/volumes/web_data/_data/index.html
#直接在宿主机上通过找到的路径修改数据卷内的文件。

3、启动两个容器并验证数据共享

bash
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -itd --name nginx_v1 -v web_data:/usr/share/nginx/html -p 8085:80 nginx
73a584b4345b6bb05f99e153f5a92e1aaaf14b183ffb2173cd4238e1bd4edf60
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -itd --name nginx_v2 -v web_data:/usr/share/nginx/html -p 8086:80 nginx
5ce93af52b15d0f905fb749c483138f7e3247995186b9696709b3bd166bc10f6
[root@localhost ~]# curl -s 192.168.112.60:8085
nginx test
[root@localhost ~]# curl -s 192.168.112.60:8086
nginx test
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -itd --name nginx_v1 -v web_data:/usr/share/nginx/html -p 8085:80 nginx
73a584b4345b6bb05f99e153f5a92e1aaaf14b183ffb2173cd4238e1bd4edf60
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -itd --name nginx_v2 -v web_data:/usr/share/nginx/html -p 8086:80 nginx
5ce93af52b15d0f905fb749c483138f7e3247995186b9696709b3bd166bc10f6
[root@localhost ~]# curl -s 192.168.112.60:8085
nginx test
[root@localhost ~]# curl -s 192.168.112.60:8086
nginx test

挂载在了相同宿主机目录到容器内的/usr/share/nginx/html路径,同时映射了不同的端口以区分访问。

可以看到数据内容是可以共享的,都显示nginx test

4、宿主机与容器间的实时同步

4.1、进入容器内部修改数据测试同步

bash
[root@localhost ~]# docker exec -it nginx_v1 /bin/bash
root@73a584b4345b:/# echo "nginx test write !" > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
root@73a584b4345b:/# exit
exit
[root@localhost ~]# curl -s 192.168.112.60:8085
nginx test write !
[root@localhost ~]# curl -s 192.168.112.60:8086
nginx test write !
[root@localhost ~]# docker exec -it nginx_v1 /bin/bash
root@73a584b4345b:/# echo "nginx test write !" > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
root@73a584b4345b:/# exit
exit
[root@localhost ~]# curl -s 192.168.112.60:8085
nginx test write !
[root@localhost ~]# curl -s 192.168.112.60:8086
nginx test write !

4.2、宿主机修改数据测试同步

bash
[root@localhost ~]# echo "nginx test write twice" > /var/lib/docker/volumes/web_data/_data/index.html
[root@localhost ~]# curl -s 192.168.112.60:8085                                                             nginx test write twice
[root@localhost ~]# curl -s 192.168.112.60:8086                                                           nginx
[root@localhost ~]# echo "nginx test write twice" > /var/lib/docker/volumes/web_data/_data/index.html
[root@localhost ~]# curl -s 192.168.112.60:8085                                                             nginx test write twice
[root@localhost ~]# curl -s 192.168.112.60:8086                                                           nginx

5、删除容器验证数据持久性

bash
[root@localhost ~]# docker rm -fv  `docker ps -qa`
5ce93af52b15
73a584b4345b
#这是删除所有容器的命令针对删除nginx_v1以及nginx_v2的命令如下:
docker rm -fv nginx_v1
docker rm -fv nginx_v2

[root@localhost ~]# cat /var/lib/docker/volumes/web_data/_data/index.html
nginx test write twice
[root@localhost ~]# docker rm -fv  `docker ps -qa`
5ce93af52b15
73a584b4345b
#这是删除所有容器的命令针对删除nginx_v1以及nginx_v2的命令如下:
docker rm -fv nginx_v1
docker rm -fv nginx_v2

[root@localhost ~]# cat /var/lib/docker/volumes/web_data/_data/index.html
nginx test write twice

可以看到即使所有使用该数据卷的容器都被删除,数据卷本身及其数据依然会被保留

直到显式执行 docker volume rm 命令来删除它。

6、只读挂载

bash
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -itd --name nginx_v3 -v web_data:/usr/share/nginx/html/:ro -p 8087:80 nginx
64737fc7e6fc60e6d4f6203735afb464bc3cdbacbacb92372e3112d35a3d1be8
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -itd --name nginx_v4 -v web_data:/usr/share/nginx/html/:ro -p 8088:80 nginx
fbb5c0dc949b2fca4d9e39b392d535233dfa57b48f348c028d1518cebd7a3560
[root@localhost ~]# docker exec -it nginx_v3 /bin/bash
root@64737fc7e6fc:/# echo "test readonly" > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
bash: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html: Read-only file system
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -itd --name nginx_v3 -v web_data:/usr/share/nginx/html/:ro -p 8087:80 nginx
64737fc7e6fc60e6d4f6203735afb464bc3cdbacbacb92372e3112d35a3d1be8
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -itd --name nginx_v4 -v web_data:/usr/share/nginx/html/:ro -p 8088:80 nginx
fbb5c0dc949b2fca4d9e39b392d535233dfa57b48f348c028d1518cebd7a3560
[root@localhost ~]# docker exec -it nginx_v3 /bin/bash
root@64737fc7e6fc:/# echo "test readonly" > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
bash: /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html: Read-only file system

通过只读方式挂载以后,在容器内部是不允许修改数据的

2. 数据卷容器

2.1 概述

数据卷容器是Docker中管理数据卷的一种高级用法,它允许用户创建一个专门用于数据存储的容器,并将其数据卷挂载到其他容器中。

这种方式使得数据可以跨容器共享,同时保持数据的持久性和可移植性。

数据卷容器主要用于数据的持久化存储和跨容器共享,它本身并不运行任何实际的应用服务,而是作为一个存储媒介存在。

2.2 创建数据卷

bash
[root@localhost ~]# docker volume create my_volume
my_volume
[root@localhost ~]# docker volume create my_volume
my_volume

2.3 查看所有的数据卷

bash
[root@localhost ~]# docker volume ls
DRIVER    VOLUME NAME
local     my_volume
local     mysql_data
local     web_data
[root@localhost ~]# docker volume ls
DRIVER    VOLUME NAME
local     my_volume
local     mysql_data
local     web_data

2.4 修改数据卷内文件内容

bash
[root@localhost ~]# echo "my_volume_test" > /var/lib/docker/volumes/my_volume/_data/index.html
[root@localhost ~]# echo "my_volume_test" > /var/lib/docker/volumes/my_volume/_data/index.html

2.5 启动一个挂载数据卷的容器

bash
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -itd --name volume_v1 -v my_volume:/usr/share/nginx/html:ro -p 8089:80 nginx
c9cff2a314fef930aa570680068e40c280a53d0921613b60d926c9ffd185200b
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -itd --name volume_v1 -v my_volume:/usr/share/nginx/html:ro -p 8089:80 nginx
c9cff2a314fef930aa570680068e40c280a53d0921613b60d926c9ffd185200b

2.6 启动两个客户端容器

bash
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -itd --name web1 -p 8090:80 --volumes-from volume_v1 nginx
c036bb587750c2232e7e1efe11b4b421e2c0be275a0aec6da953e670ba6d47b0
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -itd --name web2 -p 8091:80 --volumes-from volume_v1 nginx
9bff8f66a04d701b46f6e94d39664758e22fa4ab6140dd48a1ce0212bb59b941
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -itd --name web1 -p 8090:80 --volumes-from volume_v1 nginx
c036bb587750c2232e7e1efe11b4b421e2c0be275a0aec6da953e670ba6d47b0
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -itd --name web2 -p 8091:80 --volumes-from volume_v1 nginx
9bff8f66a04d701b46f6e94d39664758e22fa4ab6140dd48a1ce0212bb59b941

2.7 访问测试

bash
[root@localhost ~]# curl -s 192.168.112.60:8089
my_volume_test
[root@localhost ~]# curl -s 192.168.112.60:8090
my_volume_test
[root@localhost ~]# curl -s 192.168.112.60:8091
my_volume_test
[root@localhost ~]# curl -s 192.168.112.60:8089
my_volume_test
[root@localhost ~]# curl -s 192.168.112.60:8090
my_volume_test
[root@localhost ~]# curl -s 192.168.112.60:8091
my_volume_test

2.8 停止了卷容器创建新容器也可以引用他

bash
[root@localhost ~]# docker stop volume_v1
volume_v1
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                   CREATED         STATUS                     PORTS                                   NAMES
9bff8f66a04d   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   5 minutes ago   Up 5 minutes               0.0.0.0:8091->80/tcp, :::8091->80/tcp   web2
c036bb587750   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   5 minutes ago   Up 5 minutes               0.0.0.0:8090->80/tcp, :::8090->80/tcp   web1
c9cff2a314fe   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   8 minutes ago   Exited (0) 4 seconds ago                                           volume_v1
#停止卷容器volume_v1

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -itd --name web3 -p 8092:80 --volumes-from volume_v1 nginx
7e8a3e82e6aacf32e5194d4a47d827f718685e0811ffc478b09a6e1748fd997f
[root@localhost ~]# curl -s 192.168.112.60:8092
my_volume_test
#可以获取my_volume数据卷的内容
[root@localhost ~]# docker stop volume_v1
volume_v1
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                   CREATED         STATUS                     PORTS                                   NAMES
9bff8f66a04d   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   5 minutes ago   Up 5 minutes               0.0.0.0:8091->80/tcp, :::8091->80/tcp   web2
c036bb587750   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   5 minutes ago   Up 5 minutes               0.0.0.0:8090->80/tcp, :::8090->80/tcp   web1
c9cff2a314fe   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   8 minutes ago   Exited (0) 4 seconds ago                                           volume_v1
#停止卷容器volume_v1

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -itd --name web3 -p 8092:80 --volumes-from volume_v1 nginx
7e8a3e82e6aacf32e5194d4a47d827f718685e0811ffc478b09a6e1748fd997f
[root@localhost ~]# curl -s 192.168.112.60:8092
my_volume_test
#可以获取my_volume数据卷的内容

2.9 删除卷容器后无法依据卷容器创建新容器

bash
[root@localhost ~]# docker rm -f volume_v1
volume_v1
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -itd --name web4 -p 8093:80 --volumes-from volume_v1 nginx
docker: Error response from daemon: No such container: volume_v1.
See 'docker run --help'.

[root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.112.60:8089
curl: (7) Failed connect to 192.168.112.60:8089; 拒绝连接
[root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.112.60:8090
my_volume_test
[root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.112.60:8091
my_volume_test
[root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.112.60:8092
my_volume_test
#之前创建好的容器不会有任何影响
[root@localhost ~]# docker rm -f volume_v1
volume_v1
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -itd --name web4 -p 8093:80 --volumes-from volume_v1 nginx
docker: Error response from daemon: No such container: volume_v1.
See 'docker run --help'.

[root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.112.60:8089
curl: (7) Failed connect to 192.168.112.60:8089; 拒绝连接
[root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.112.60:8090
my_volume_test
[root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.112.60:8091
my_volume_test
[root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.112.60:8092
my_volume_test
#之前创建好的容器不会有任何影响

3. 日志清理

bash
#!/bin/bash
echo 'input log file  size '$1
default=20
if [ -n "$1" ]
then
  default=$1
fi

max=`expr 1024 \* $default`
echo 'current set file size '$max
for file in ` ls /data/docker/containers/*/*-json.log `
do
  #echo $file
  s=`du -k $file |awk '{print $1}'`
 # echo $s
  if [ $s -gt $max ]
  then
   echo 'remove'$file
   truncate -s 0 $file
   echo 'removed'$file
  fi
done
#!/bin/bash
echo 'input log file  size '$1
default=20
if [ -n "$1" ]
then
  default=$1
fi

max=`expr 1024 \* $default`
echo 'current set file size '$max
for file in ` ls /data/docker/containers/*/*-json.log `
do
  #echo $file
  s=`du -k $file |awk '{print $1}'`
 # echo $s
  if [ $s -gt $max ]
  then
   echo 'remove'$file
   truncate -s 0 $file
   echo 'removed'$file
  fi
done